Final Project Color Organ Alex & Tony

Our final project is "Color Organ". This circuit uses inexpensive parts and cases. The components we used can be easily obtained, but it still has super cool visual effects.

We made a PERT chart at first.

A schematic of our circuit is as following:

There are three transistor filters on the schematic. The right one is a low-pass filter. It turns on when the frequency is below the cutoff frequency. The middle one is a band-pass filter. It turns on when the frequency is between the two cutoff frequencies. The left one is a high-pass filter. It turns on when the frequency is above the cutoff frequency. The two audio inputs represent the left channel and the right channel.

We made a list of all the parts included in the circuit design

• 3x 100 ohm resistors
• 1x 180 ohm resistors
• 1x 270 ohm resistors
• 2x 1k ohm resistors
• 4x 2.2k ohm resistors
• 2x 10k ohm resistors
• 1x 0.047 uF capacitor
• 1x 0.01 uF capacitor
• 1x 0.47 uF capacitor
• 1x 1 uF capacitor
• 1x 10 uF capacitor
• 1x 1N4148 diode
• 1x 2N2222A, 2N3904 or equivalent NPN transistor
• 3x 2N2907A, 2N3906 or equivalent PNP transistor
• 6x LED (2x Red, 2x Green, 2x Blue recommended)

After we checked the parts available in the classroom, the huge list shrinks to a small one consisting of a few items

• 1x 180Ω resistor

• 1x 270Ω resistor

• 1x 0.047 uF capacitor
• 1x 0.01 uF capacitor
• 1x 1N4148 diode

We bought all the parts on Tayda and constructed the first version of the circuit.

It turns out the components are too crowded on the board. We also made a few modifications to it to get our second version.



The three wires at the bottom left corner are the audio inputs. We used an old audio jack extension cord and cut off the male port. The three wires are left channel, right channel and ground (yellow wire).

The second version turned out to be working, so we moved the whole circuit to a solder board.

We added one LED for each color. That is the only adjustment we made in this version.

Then we added a case for the circuit to survive a drop test.

Here is a video of it working.

Passive RL Filter

Today we continued resonance circuits. Last time we went over series resonance circuits. This time we did parallel resonance circuits. It turns out they have the same formula for resonance frequency. Here is a table of the formulas

Then we went over passive filters. There are four types of passive filters. They are lowpass, highpass, bandpass and bandstop

Here are the transfer functions of different passive filters
Lowpass

Highpass

Bandpass

Then we did a lab on passive RL filter. We found the resonance frequency to be 100000 rad/s. We applied different frequencies on the AC voltage input.

ωc/10 ωc/8

ωc/4

ωc/2

ωc

2ωc

4ωc

8ωc

10ωc

Summary: For RL passive filters. If the voltage across the inductor is taken as the filter output, the circuit will act as a high-pass filter. However, if we take the voltage across the resistor as the filter output, the circuit acts as a low-pass filter. The higher the frequency is, the more voltage will be allocated to the inductor and the less voltage will be allocated to the resistor. The lower the frequency is, the more voltage will be allocated to the resistor and the less voltage will be allocated to the inductor. Also, when the frequency is higher, the phase shift of the resistor is higher and the phase shift of the inductor is lower. When the frequency is lower, the phase shift of the resistor is lower and the phase shift of the inductor is higher.

 

Bode Plots (No Lab)

Today we introduced Bode plots. Bode plots are semilog plots of the magnitude (in decibels) and phase (in degrees) of a transfer function versus frequency.

The magnitude is in a logarithmic scale. HdB =20log10 H
Any transfer function can be represented as following: 

There are four different factors:

1. A gain K
2. A pole (jω)− 1 or zero (jω) at the origin
3. A simple pole 1/(1 + jω/p 1 ) or zero (1 + jω/z 1 )
4. A quadratic pole 1/*1 + j2ζ 2 ω/ω n + (jω/ω n )2 + or zero *1 + j2ζ 1 ω/ω k + (jω/ω k )2 ]

An approximation of the magnitude is a linear part and a constant part. An approximation of the phase is a linear function whose slope is 45º per decade.  

Then we went over the concept of resonance. Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive reactances are equal in magnitude, thereby resulting in a pure resistive impedance. the load has maximum power at resonance frequency ω0. there is a half-power frequency on either side of the resonance frequency. the distance between them is called bandwidth B. Quality factor Q is defined as ω0/B. The quality factor represents the sharpness of the frequency response. 
For RLC in series

Summary: 

Signals with Multiple Frequency Components

Today we went over transfer functions. The transfer function H is the frequency-dependent ratio of a phasor output to a phasor input. There are four possible transfer functions.
1. Voltage Gain Vout/Vin
2. Current Gain Iout/Iin
3. Transfer Impedance Vout/Iin
4. Transfer Admittance Iout/Vin
A zero is defined as a root of the numerator. A pole is defined as a root of the denominator.

We also went over the decibel scale
GdB = 10log10(P2/P1) = 20log10(V2/V1)-10log10(R2/R1)
Then we did a lab on the frequency response.

We applied different resistance to the circuit.
500Ω

1000Ω

10kΩ

Summary: When ω = 0, the gain is 0.5. When ω = ∞, the gain is 0. When ω increases, the gain decreases. When ω decreases, the gain increases.